Friday, February 22, 2008
Thursday, February 21, 2008
Anthurium Radicans-Dressleri vs Piper betle
Worth waiting anthurium. A hybrid of creeping brazilian anthurium spesies (radicans) with anthurium dressleri produce a beautiful bullate textured leaves. It has dark green leaves and red petioles. In Indonesia, we called it anthurium 'sirih' due to its resemblance to piper betle. The Betel (Piper betle) is a spice whose leaves have medicinal properties. The active ingredients of betel oil, which is obtained from the leaves, are primarily a class of allylbenzene compounds. Though particular emphasis has been placed on chavibetol (betel-phenol; 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyallylbenzene), it also contains chavicol (p-allyl-phenol; 4-allyl-phenol), estragole (p-allyl-anisole; 4-methoxy-allylbenzene), eugenol (allylguaiacol; 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-allylbenzene; 2-methoxy-4-allyl-phenol), methyl eugenol (eugenol methyl ether; 3,4-dimethoxy-allylbenzene), and hydroxycatechol (2,4-dihydroxy-allylbenzene).
Several terpenes and terpenoids are present in the betel oil as well. There are two monoterpenes, p-cymene and terpinene, and two monoterpenoids, eucalyptol and carvacrol. Additionally, there are two sesquiterpenes, cadinene and caryophyllene. In India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and parts of South Asia, the leaves are chewed together with the mineral slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), Catechu, called "Kattha" in Hindi,and the areca nut which, by association, is sometimes inaccurately called the "betel nut". The lime acts to keep the active ingredient in its freebase or alkaline form, thus enabling it to enter the bloodstream via sublingual absorption. The areca nut contains the alkaloid arecoline, which promotes salivation (the saliva is stained red), and is itself a stimulant. This combination, known as a "betel quid", has been used for several thousand years. Tobacco is sometimes added.
Betel leaves are used as a stimulant, an antiseptic and a breath-freshener Paan. In Ayurvedic medicine, they are used as an aphrodisiac. In Malaysia they are used to treat headaches, arthritis and joint pain. In Thailand, Indonesia and China they are used to relieve toothache. In Indonesia they are drunk as an infusion and used as an antibiotic. They are also used in an infusion to cure indigestion, as a topical cure for constipation, as a decongestant and as an aid to lactation.
In India, betel is used to cast out (cure) worms.
In India, the betel and areca play an important role in Indian culture especially among Hindus. All the traditional ceremonies governing the lives of Hindus use betel and areca. For example to pay money to the priest, they keep money in the betel leaves and place it beside the priest.
The betel and areca also play an important role in Vietnamese culture. In Vietnamese there is a saying that "the betel begins the conversation", referring to the practice of people chewing betel in formal occasions or "to break the ice" in awkward situational conversations. The betel leaves and areca nuts are used ceremonially in traditional Vietnamese weddings. Based on a folk tale about the origins of these plants, the groom traditionally offer the bride's parents betel leaves and areca nuts (among other things) in exchange for the bride. The betel and areca are such important symbols of love and marriage such that in Vietnamese the phrase "matters of betel and areca" (chuyện trầu cau) is synonymous with marriage.
While the betel has a considering health and culture benefit for some people, my anthurium known only for its highly ornamental appearance. So, i guess it also related to mental health too, isn't it?
Anthurium atau Philo?
Dari dulu saya penasaran sebenarnya apa yang digunakan botanist untuk membedakan anthurium dari keluarga aroid lainnya semisal aglaonema, colocasia, alocasia, xanthosoma dan terutama philodendron. Beberapa spesies philodendron bagi saya sukup membingungkan apakah masuk ke dalam genus anthurium atau philodendron.Baru2 ini saya menemukan bacaan bahwa kunci pengelompokan anthurium sebagai pembeda dari genus lainnya adalah pada benjolan yang tepat berada dibagian bawah daun dan ujung atas petiole (tangkai daun). Benjolan itu disebut geniculum. Geniculum berfungsi seperti siku pada manusia, membuat daun mampu mereposisi dirinya terhadap sumber cahaya.
Geniculum hanya ada pada Anthurium dan Spathiphyllum pada genera Aroid. Geniculum inilah yang digunakan oleh para botanist untuk menentukan spesies yang baru ditemukan tersebut tergolong anthurium atau philodendron karena ini tidak ditemukan pada philo.
Saturday, February 16, 2008
Anthurium 'Kol'
This is a four leaves anthurium 'kol' seedling. The price of this kind of plants soar high in recent year in Indonesia. Whether it's rare or not, it still dubious. As a plant lover, i just hope that this seedling will grow bigger and look nice eventually. Good grow, mate!
My Black Selvet
My Anthurium 'Black Selvet' seedling. The future mysterious dark foliage anthurium. The petioles already have reddish/purplies colour.
My Survived Salviniae
This anthurium salviniae was also travelled with my anthurium marie. It was sent from Florida with leaves almost 1 meter length but almost all parts of the plants was rotten when it was arrived. I cleaned up the rotten leaves and roots. When I planted it, the rotten process was never stopped and this worrying me. So I make the final cut of the rooten stem and root, exposed it to morning sun till it was dried. Then I planted it again in a mixture of compost and orchid barks. A month later, life sign start to sprouted, new leaves, and there's 4 of them. Now they grow quiet fast and promising outlook to regain its former form. It was told that this one of the most gigantic bird's nest anthurium used to be found next to Maya's ruined temples.
My Survived Marie
When this anthurium marie arrived in indonesia on November 2007, it has no leaf at all. Only roots and the rest of the plants is rotten due to long journey and held by quarantine dept. Now it has 4 leaves and grow vigorously. I'm waiting the leaves to turn to dark purple foliage if exposed to lots of sun lights.
Anthurium Introduction Part 3
I've had several "nursery experts" write to tell me my soil mixture won't work due to the orchid potting media. They claim the bark will eventually rot and create air pockets in the soil and then kill the plant. Well, we've been using it for over five years now, some plants even longer, and our Anthurium along with Philodendron species just keep growing! If the wood is decomposing, and it probably is, it appears to simply become part of the soil the same way it does in any rain forest. The principal reason this mixture works is the soil stays aerated and loose. It holds the water, but will not stay soggy. And that is precisely what many Anthurium species desire.
The next important consideration is light. In almost any rain forest, light is a very precious commodity! Plants fight for position and large ones often deprive small specimens of almost any light at all! That is the exact reason Anthurium, and other species, are climbing a tree. They are trying to reach the light! As they grow high on the side of the tree botanists see that almost all morph into what often appears to be a totally different species! But in reality this new morphed "form" is just the adult leaf shape of the juvenile plant. Almost all Anthurium species prefer bright indirect light. Some will live in deep shade, but many will not flourish. As a
result, don't try to grow them in a darkened corner of your living room. Keep them near a window with bright, but indirect light. Some can be trained to live in very bright light, but very few will survive in direct sunlight. As a result, if you are growing your Anthurium species outdoors, keep them close to a tree that will allow for filtered sunlight.
Typically, fluorescent light or incandescent light bulbs just don't provide enough light, or the right spectrum of light, to keep an Anthurium specimen both happy and healthy. "Grow lights" will make them "grow", but won't make them flourish. Filtered, relatively strong light is best. Just ask any professional photographer. The light coming through a window is much stronger than the light from a fluorescent tube. And the plant will often reward you with a dramatic change in leaf shape if you give it what it has been craving all along!
Watering is very important. In our artificial rain forest we water four or more days a week (normally five days) during the heat of the year and two or three days a week in winter. During August we water daily! There are species that prefer a longer dry period and we attempt to segregate those during the winter season.
Remember, these species normally grow in a rain forest, not a living room! It often rains daily in the "rain forest". They like to have their roots damp all the time, just not in soggy soil. In your home, water often enough to keep the soil damp, but not soggy. Make sure the pot can easily drain. If you use a pot with no drain holes in the bottom, then add a minimum of three inches of gravel (non-limestone) beneath the soil mix so the water can drain from the soil.
What about fertilizer? In nature an Anthurium receives only natural forms! The epiphytic species can collect minerals in the rain which comes from the winds blowing across the Atlantic from Africa. They often bring dust from major dust storms in the African plains to the rain forests of tropical America. Once it settles in the rain the long dangling roots of the plants do gather a small amount of dissolved minerals and nutrients. But nothing like home growers are prone to offer! Even the species up in the canopy often collect falling debris in the form of dead leaves and convert that to a natural form of fertilizer.
Regarding fertilizers, aroid expert Julius Boos wrote, "It is also the epiphytic plants that benefit just as much from falling debris and rain! Many 'birds-nest" type plants actually grow on trunks and branches of trees. In French Guyana we saw a species of Philodendron that grows like a vine up tree trunks, and when it reaches a suitable spot, changes form from a climbing vine and becomes a 'birds-nest', catching leaves. It then creates an area where ants actually build their nest in the roots and amongst the leaves/debris mix. These ants also provide lots of fertilizer with their by-products, left-over insect and fruit parts, etc.. The rain also washes debris and the nitrogen it picks up and contains on to the long, pendant roots of other species." Species, such as the terrestrial "birds nest" forms are designed to collect falling vegetation: leaves and other debris. In nature, those species will often be found with piles of dead leaves and other plant material inside their conical base. That material then decays and the result is a natural form of fertilizer for the plant, especially when insects are invited to set up home. But most collector/growers carefully collect and clean out all dead and decaying material found around their plant! We are then depriving the plant of the natural form of fertilizer for the sake of "beauty".
As a result, most experienced growers do not fertilize heavily. Instead, they fertilize sparingly. Many adhere to the term "fertilize weakly, weekly". Simply, that means adding a small amount of fertilizer to your water and give it to your plant often, best once each week. A good recommendation is 20% of the manufacturer's recommended amount. Large doses of artificial fertilizer do little to encourage the plant to grow as large as it will in nature. But minimal doses of liquid fertilizers can cause your Anthurium to reach an unusually large size and beauty.
Temperature? Virtually all Anthurium species are tropical. That means they just can't tolerate really cold temperatures. Some live high in the Andes Mountains well above the cloud line. As a result, these are "cool" loving species. But not cold! The cloud forest species don't like heat and won't do well in an outdoor setting where the temperature may stay above 80 degrees for long periods of time. They can tolerate short spells of high temperatures, but some, such as Anthurium rugulosum, may not survive. Many growers of these cool loving species use a high humidity "wet wall" combined with a small air conditioning system to keep the ambient temperature low and the humidity high. Many of these species will do well down to 40 degrees Fahrenheit, but not much cooler.
As a general rule, never allow the temperature around most of your Anthurium specimens to drop below 55 degrees F. It is best to keep them well below 90 degrees F which is not particularly difficult if you grow them in some form of shade or filtered light. Some species will tolerate short periods of cold, such as Central Florida. But most won't survive anywhere outdoors north of Zone 9. Zone 10 is best! Many will simply die if exposed to a freeze. And since most show much faster growth when the temperature is in the 70 to 85 degree F range you may find your specimen will appreciate being allowed to live outdoors during the spring and portions of the fall.
Humidity is extremely important! Do everything you possibly can to keep the humidity high around your Anthurium. These species live in a jungle which can have a humidity level near 100%! If you live in a climate that has a low humidity, like southern California, then you'll need to provide a method of giving the aroid more humidity. In our rain forest the humidity is always high (85% or higher) due to the pond in the center of the room and frequent water! Some growers keep their Anthurium species near a swimming pool to allow for a constantly high humidity. Air circulation is equally important since the air is almost always moving in the rain
forest. Avoid stagnant air since that may encourage insect predators.
If you can't give the species rain forest humidity conditions then there is a simple alternative. Buy an attractive shallow dish that can sit beneath the plant's pot. Fill that pan with gravel, preferably one that does not have too much limestone. Fill the pan and gravel with water and then sit your plant and pot on top of this gravel bath in order to create a micro-climate around the Anthurium. Promise, it works! Water will evaporate around the leaves all the time and fool the plant into believing it is living in a humid rain forest environment. And when you water, the excess will simply drain into the gravel pot.
Why do you want to avoid limestone gravel? If you use the soil mixture we suggest, you've just created a soil mixture with a pH below 7, likely around 6.5. The Anthurium will appreciate that pH level! If you add limestone to the mix, the pH can be raised to above 7 and the Anthurium is not as likely to appreciate that level with the exception of a few species which do live in higher soil pH areas of the tropics.
Growing Anthurium species is not difficult. Only a few are hard to grow, and most will grow fairly well under a wide variety of conditions. Remember, they often begin on or near the rain forest floor in relatively low light and spend years climbing up to the light level they have been seeking. The keys are allowing the epiphytic forms to climb, giving the spreading types room to spread, fast draining soil that stays damp, rarely dry, a stable temperature, good air circulation, and good light that is relatively bright. It's just that easy!
Steve Lucas
The next important consideration is light. In almost any rain forest, light is a very precious commodity! Plants fight for position and large ones often deprive small specimens of almost any light at all! That is the exact reason Anthurium, and other species, are climbing a tree. They are trying to reach the light! As they grow high on the side of the tree botanists see that almost all morph into what often appears to be a totally different species! But in reality this new morphed "form" is just the adult leaf shape of the juvenile plant. Almost all Anthurium species prefer bright indirect light. Some will live in deep shade, but many will not flourish. As a
result, don't try to grow them in a darkened corner of your living room. Keep them near a window with bright, but indirect light. Some can be trained to live in very bright light, but very few will survive in direct sunlight. As a result, if you are growing your Anthurium species outdoors, keep them close to a tree that will allow for filtered sunlight.
Typically, fluorescent light or incandescent light bulbs just don't provide enough light, or the right spectrum of light, to keep an Anthurium specimen both happy and healthy. "Grow lights" will make them "grow", but won't make them flourish. Filtered, relatively strong light is best. Just ask any professional photographer. The light coming through a window is much stronger than the light from a fluorescent tube. And the plant will often reward you with a dramatic change in leaf shape if you give it what it has been craving all along!
Watering is very important. In our artificial rain forest we water four or more days a week (normally five days) during the heat of the year and two or three days a week in winter. During August we water daily! There are species that prefer a longer dry period and we attempt to segregate those during the winter season.
Remember, these species normally grow in a rain forest, not a living room! It often rains daily in the "rain forest". They like to have their roots damp all the time, just not in soggy soil. In your home, water often enough to keep the soil damp, but not soggy. Make sure the pot can easily drain. If you use a pot with no drain holes in the bottom, then add a minimum of three inches of gravel (non-limestone) beneath the soil mix so the water can drain from the soil.
What about fertilizer? In nature an Anthurium receives only natural forms! The epiphytic species can collect minerals in the rain which comes from the winds blowing across the Atlantic from Africa. They often bring dust from major dust storms in the African plains to the rain forests of tropical America. Once it settles in the rain the long dangling roots of the plants do gather a small amount of dissolved minerals and nutrients. But nothing like home growers are prone to offer! Even the species up in the canopy often collect falling debris in the form of dead leaves and convert that to a natural form of fertilizer.
Regarding fertilizers, aroid expert Julius Boos wrote, "It is also the epiphytic plants that benefit just as much from falling debris and rain! Many 'birds-nest" type plants actually grow on trunks and branches of trees. In French Guyana we saw a species of Philodendron that grows like a vine up tree trunks, and when it reaches a suitable spot, changes form from a climbing vine and becomes a 'birds-nest', catching leaves. It then creates an area where ants actually build their nest in the roots and amongst the leaves/debris mix. These ants also provide lots of fertilizer with their by-products, left-over insect and fruit parts, etc.. The rain also washes debris and the nitrogen it picks up and contains on to the long, pendant roots of other species." Species, such as the terrestrial "birds nest" forms are designed to collect falling vegetation: leaves and other debris. In nature, those species will often be found with piles of dead leaves and other plant material inside their conical base. That material then decays and the result is a natural form of fertilizer for the plant, especially when insects are invited to set up home. But most collector/growers carefully collect and clean out all dead and decaying material found around their plant! We are then depriving the plant of the natural form of fertilizer for the sake of "beauty".
As a result, most experienced growers do not fertilize heavily. Instead, they fertilize sparingly. Many adhere to the term "fertilize weakly, weekly". Simply, that means adding a small amount of fertilizer to your water and give it to your plant often, best once each week. A good recommendation is 20% of the manufacturer's recommended amount. Large doses of artificial fertilizer do little to encourage the plant to grow as large as it will in nature. But minimal doses of liquid fertilizers can cause your Anthurium to reach an unusually large size and beauty.
Temperature? Virtually all Anthurium species are tropical. That means they just can't tolerate really cold temperatures. Some live high in the Andes Mountains well above the cloud line. As a result, these are "cool" loving species. But not cold! The cloud forest species don't like heat and won't do well in an outdoor setting where the temperature may stay above 80 degrees for long periods of time. They can tolerate short spells of high temperatures, but some, such as Anthurium rugulosum, may not survive. Many growers of these cool loving species use a high humidity "wet wall" combined with a small air conditioning system to keep the ambient temperature low and the humidity high. Many of these species will do well down to 40 degrees Fahrenheit, but not much cooler.
As a general rule, never allow the temperature around most of your Anthurium specimens to drop below 55 degrees F. It is best to keep them well below 90 degrees F which is not particularly difficult if you grow them in some form of shade or filtered light. Some species will tolerate short periods of cold, such as Central Florida. But most won't survive anywhere outdoors north of Zone 9. Zone 10 is best! Many will simply die if exposed to a freeze. And since most show much faster growth when the temperature is in the 70 to 85 degree F range you may find your specimen will appreciate being allowed to live outdoors during the spring and portions of the fall.
Humidity is extremely important! Do everything you possibly can to keep the humidity high around your Anthurium. These species live in a jungle which can have a humidity level near 100%! If you live in a climate that has a low humidity, like southern California, then you'll need to provide a method of giving the aroid more humidity. In our rain forest the humidity is always high (85% or higher) due to the pond in the center of the room and frequent water! Some growers keep their Anthurium species near a swimming pool to allow for a constantly high humidity. Air circulation is equally important since the air is almost always moving in the rain
forest. Avoid stagnant air since that may encourage insect predators.
If you can't give the species rain forest humidity conditions then there is a simple alternative. Buy an attractive shallow dish that can sit beneath the plant's pot. Fill that pan with gravel, preferably one that does not have too much limestone. Fill the pan and gravel with water and then sit your plant and pot on top of this gravel bath in order to create a micro-climate around the Anthurium. Promise, it works! Water will evaporate around the leaves all the time and fool the plant into believing it is living in a humid rain forest environment. And when you water, the excess will simply drain into the gravel pot.
Why do you want to avoid limestone gravel? If you use the soil mixture we suggest, you've just created a soil mixture with a pH below 7, likely around 6.5. The Anthurium will appreciate that pH level! If you add limestone to the mix, the pH can be raised to above 7 and the Anthurium is not as likely to appreciate that level with the exception of a few species which do live in higher soil pH areas of the tropics.
Growing Anthurium species is not difficult. Only a few are hard to grow, and most will grow fairly well under a wide variety of conditions. Remember, they often begin on or near the rain forest floor in relatively low light and spend years climbing up to the light level they have been seeking. The keys are allowing the epiphytic forms to climb, giving the spreading types room to spread, fast draining soil that stays damp, rarely dry, a stable temperature, good air circulation, and good light that is relatively bright. It's just that easy!
Steve Lucas
Anthurium Introduction Part 2
If you plan on growing an Anthurium it is wise to first learn just how the species you possess grows in nature (assuming it is a species) and then try to duplicate that condition as best possible if you wish to experience the natural beauty and full growth potential of the specimen. One major problem with figuring out what species of Anthurium you are growing is caused by a phenomenon known to a botanist as "variability". Most people assume that just because many trees have the same type of leaves, that all species of Anthurium should also have identical leaves. In aroids, that is simply not the case. Think of it as human beings all having different "faces". There is only one species of humans, but numerous "faces". An Anthurium species can also have many "faces".
Not only do the leaves vary from species to species, they can vary (morph) in the same plant as the Anthurium ages. And in the same way all human bodies don't look alike (tall, fat, short, skinny), neither do all Anthurium, even from the same Anthurium species! An Anthurium species is easily capable of assuming many leaf shapes and sizes, and they often "morph" as they grow just as a child changes as it changes from a child to an adult. They increase in size and change shape from a juvenile stage leaf to that of an adult stage leaf.. .To a botanist, it is simply "variation". But as you can easily see from the few photos on this page, an Anthurium has no set shape! Some are oval, some are spear shaped, some are shaped like a heart, some feel like leather (known as coriacious), and many have leaves that feel like velvet. This concept is often difficult for plant collectors to accept. Aroid botanists and those of us who are serious collectors receive mail all the time insisting any leaf with a different shape simply MUST be a different species. That is simply not the case. Think of your father, your grandfather, and your uncles. They are the same species and from the same family. But they don't look exactly alike! Within any Anthurium species exists the same principal.
So how do you get your Anthurium to morph? The trick to seeing many Anthurium species morph is to allow them to climb something like a piece of wood or a totem which can be purchased at many plant supply businesses. The higher the better! Many epiphytic Anthurium species won't morph into adults until they reach well up a tree or totem. They simply retain their juvenile form. Some growers use what is known as a "wet" wall. The wall is actually covered with wire and filled with sphagnum moss while a small pump spreads water across the top of the wall's face. Many epiphytic Anthurium species love to climb this type of wall and often reach their adult size more rapidly. Once you've provided the specimen something to climb, such as a totem, wood or a wet wall, and give it the light level it is trying to seek, you'll be amazed at how it grows and changes shape.
Many Anthurium plants commonly sold at nurseries are likely hybridized plants and not species. A hybrid Anthurium is one where each of the parents was a different species. But in the case of hybrids, each parent may have also been a hybrid itself. Thus, you may have the genes of numerous plants involved in creating that hybrid. You'll just have to believe what some retailer/grower tells you, and that may often be wrong, since scientifically correct information on hybrids is rarely available. Hybrid Anthurium are created when the pollen from one species is applied to the spadix of another species at the time the plant is ready to reproduce. The resulting seeds are neither species, but a hybrid form of the two. Some hybridizers enjoy seeing just what they can create and after a period of time you have no idea what the parents actually may have been. As a result, there is no way of knowing if the new hybrid prefers really wet conditions, drier conditions, cooler condition, grows in the ground, or high in the trees. Although hybrids can be beautiful, my preference is to grow only species which can be traced back to their natural habitat and thus better understood. But there are also natural hybrids that occur in nature which can add to the confusion.
The majority of Anthurium plants you buy are juvenile forms and look nothing like the adult form of the species. Remember, they "morph" as they grow! For many years botanists were confused by the drastic differences in adult forms and juvenile forms and often tried to give them each a different scientific names. That is one reason some plants have numerous scientific names which can be worked back using a source such as TROPICOS (a service of the Missouri Botanical Garden) to a single basionym (primary species name). You need to learn all you can about your Anthurium species, and that is one thing, with the help of Dr. Croat and numerous aroid experts, I attempt to help you do on this website.
If you live in a tropical or semi-tropical climate you can simply put your Anthurium in the ground. If it is an epiphyte it will likely try to climb a tree. If it is a terrestrial form, give it plenty of room. Many of the "birds nest" species love to spread and can eventually grow leaves 6 feet long or longer creating a very large specimen! But remember, those may also grow up on the limb of a tree in the rain forest! Otherwise, proper potting of your specimen is very important if you want it to both survive and grow to reach the full natural beauty.
I can't explain how many people I've seen go into a garden store and buy a very rich potting soil that stays soggy all the time and then kill their Anthurium. They literally drown it! For some reason people believe the rich soil makes an Anthurium grow better! Typical off-the-shelf "potting soils" just don't work for Anthurium species! Remember, these species often grow in trees, not in wet soggy soil. Their roots are designed to collect rain water almost daily during the wet season and then suffer through the dry season. But even in the dry season they can collect enough water from the humidity around their exposed roots in order to survive. Again, you can make your plants grow much more beautifully, and stay healthier, if you try to learn all that is possible about their natural habitat.
If you are growing a truly epiphytic species, you may not wish to grow it in soil at all! Some sellers provide them attached to volcanic rock. That can work, provided you keep those rocks constantly damp and filled with water. The plant will extract the necessary water from the interior of the rock. That does not mean to sit the plant in water! Just keep the rocks wet. No Anthurium species is known to grow in water despite what some websites and seller try to make you believe.
One very popular method among serious collectors is to put the Anthurium in a large orchid basket packed with good quality sphagnum moss. Since the plant normally lives in the top or on the side of a tree it will adapt to those conditions easily. BUT, you must keep the moss constantly damp. In our atrium we water the plants displayed in this manner almost daily! We often leave any soil attached to their roots and do not remove it, we simply pack the moss around the roots. In just a few months you will often begin to see the roots extending down through the moss and hanging out the bottom of the orchid basket. That is quite natural. They will also firmly attach themselves to the wood of the basket. Our specimen of Anthurium spectabile has grown leaves over four feet long in just two years and is grown in this manner. The large leaves hanging gracefully from the basket can be stunning.
If you feel you must plant the Anthurium in soil, especially if it is known to be a terrestrial form or "bird's nest" species, rather than using a rich, soggy soil and watering only once a week (or less), use a soil that holds moisture well but drains very quickly. That is what the plant actually needs and prefers in most cases. Over time, we've developed a soil mixture for most of our terrestrial Anthurium species (and some epiphytic forms) that works quite well. People who visit our artificial rain forest are often amazed at the size of many of our specimens which grow much faster and larger than they often do in many homes.
We use 50% Miracle Grow Moisture Control Potting Mix combined with 20% Peat Moss, 20% orchid potting media (we prefer Schultz™ due to the hard wood, charcoal and mineral containing gravel) and 10% Perlite™, all thoroughly mixed together. We grow close to 50 different species in this mixture and numerous specimens have reached, or are beginning to reach, their adult or near adult size and have produced inflorescences.
The purpose of our mixture is to cause the water to flow through the soil quickly, yet stay damp, not soggy. Many growers call this type of mixture a "jungle mix" due to its similarity to the soil in a rain forest. The peat, orchid media and Perlite™ hold moisture and release it back to the roots as needed. And the added gravel along with the charcoal in the orchid media purifies the soil and keeps the mixture very loose. The roots of the plant will also attach to the bark just as they do in nature on the side of a tree. Depending on the species, we sometimes also add small pieces of crushed volcanic rock frequently sold in orchid supply stores. We use volcanic media since the roots will often attach to the rock and extract stored water. Volcanic rock is known to absorb water and hold it for a moderately long period of time.
Not only do the leaves vary from species to species, they can vary (morph) in the same plant as the Anthurium ages. And in the same way all human bodies don't look alike (tall, fat, short, skinny), neither do all Anthurium, even from the same Anthurium species! An Anthurium species is easily capable of assuming many leaf shapes and sizes, and they often "morph" as they grow just as a child changes as it changes from a child to an adult. They increase in size and change shape from a juvenile stage leaf to that of an adult stage leaf.. .To a botanist, it is simply "variation". But as you can easily see from the few photos on this page, an Anthurium has no set shape! Some are oval, some are spear shaped, some are shaped like a heart, some feel like leather (known as coriacious), and many have leaves that feel like velvet. This concept is often difficult for plant collectors to accept. Aroid botanists and those of us who are serious collectors receive mail all the time insisting any leaf with a different shape simply MUST be a different species. That is simply not the case. Think of your father, your grandfather, and your uncles. They are the same species and from the same family. But they don't look exactly alike! Within any Anthurium species exists the same principal.
So how do you get your Anthurium to morph? The trick to seeing many Anthurium species morph is to allow them to climb something like a piece of wood or a totem which can be purchased at many plant supply businesses. The higher the better! Many epiphytic Anthurium species won't morph into adults until they reach well up a tree or totem. They simply retain their juvenile form. Some growers use what is known as a "wet" wall. The wall is actually covered with wire and filled with sphagnum moss while a small pump spreads water across the top of the wall's face. Many epiphytic Anthurium species love to climb this type of wall and often reach their adult size more rapidly. Once you've provided the specimen something to climb, such as a totem, wood or a wet wall, and give it the light level it is trying to seek, you'll be amazed at how it grows and changes shape.
Many Anthurium plants commonly sold at nurseries are likely hybridized plants and not species. A hybrid Anthurium is one where each of the parents was a different species. But in the case of hybrids, each parent may have also been a hybrid itself. Thus, you may have the genes of numerous plants involved in creating that hybrid. You'll just have to believe what some retailer/grower tells you, and that may often be wrong, since scientifically correct information on hybrids is rarely available. Hybrid Anthurium are created when the pollen from one species is applied to the spadix of another species at the time the plant is ready to reproduce. The resulting seeds are neither species, but a hybrid form of the two. Some hybridizers enjoy seeing just what they can create and after a period of time you have no idea what the parents actually may have been. As a result, there is no way of knowing if the new hybrid prefers really wet conditions, drier conditions, cooler condition, grows in the ground, or high in the trees. Although hybrids can be beautiful, my preference is to grow only species which can be traced back to their natural habitat and thus better understood. But there are also natural hybrids that occur in nature which can add to the confusion.
The majority of Anthurium plants you buy are juvenile forms and look nothing like the adult form of the species. Remember, they "morph" as they grow! For many years botanists were confused by the drastic differences in adult forms and juvenile forms and often tried to give them each a different scientific names. That is one reason some plants have numerous scientific names which can be worked back using a source such as TROPICOS (a service of the Missouri Botanical Garden) to a single basionym (primary species name). You need to learn all you can about your Anthurium species, and that is one thing, with the help of Dr. Croat and numerous aroid experts, I attempt to help you do on this website.
If you live in a tropical or semi-tropical climate you can simply put your Anthurium in the ground. If it is an epiphyte it will likely try to climb a tree. If it is a terrestrial form, give it plenty of room. Many of the "birds nest" species love to spread and can eventually grow leaves 6 feet long or longer creating a very large specimen! But remember, those may also grow up on the limb of a tree in the rain forest! Otherwise, proper potting of your specimen is very important if you want it to both survive and grow to reach the full natural beauty.
I can't explain how many people I've seen go into a garden store and buy a very rich potting soil that stays soggy all the time and then kill their Anthurium. They literally drown it! For some reason people believe the rich soil makes an Anthurium grow better! Typical off-the-shelf "potting soils" just don't work for Anthurium species! Remember, these species often grow in trees, not in wet soggy soil. Their roots are designed to collect rain water almost daily during the wet season and then suffer through the dry season. But even in the dry season they can collect enough water from the humidity around their exposed roots in order to survive. Again, you can make your plants grow much more beautifully, and stay healthier, if you try to learn all that is possible about their natural habitat.
If you are growing a truly epiphytic species, you may not wish to grow it in soil at all! Some sellers provide them attached to volcanic rock. That can work, provided you keep those rocks constantly damp and filled with water. The plant will extract the necessary water from the interior of the rock. That does not mean to sit the plant in water! Just keep the rocks wet. No Anthurium species is known to grow in water despite what some websites and seller try to make you believe.
One very popular method among serious collectors is to put the Anthurium in a large orchid basket packed with good quality sphagnum moss. Since the plant normally lives in the top or on the side of a tree it will adapt to those conditions easily. BUT, you must keep the moss constantly damp. In our atrium we water the plants displayed in this manner almost daily! We often leave any soil attached to their roots and do not remove it, we simply pack the moss around the roots. In just a few months you will often begin to see the roots extending down through the moss and hanging out the bottom of the orchid basket. That is quite natural. They will also firmly attach themselves to the wood of the basket. Our specimen of Anthurium spectabile has grown leaves over four feet long in just two years and is grown in this manner. The large leaves hanging gracefully from the basket can be stunning.
If you feel you must plant the Anthurium in soil, especially if it is known to be a terrestrial form or "bird's nest" species, rather than using a rich, soggy soil and watering only once a week (or less), use a soil that holds moisture well but drains very quickly. That is what the plant actually needs and prefers in most cases. Over time, we've developed a soil mixture for most of our terrestrial Anthurium species (and some epiphytic forms) that works quite well. People who visit our artificial rain forest are often amazed at the size of many of our specimens which grow much faster and larger than they often do in many homes.
We use 50% Miracle Grow Moisture Control Potting Mix combined with 20% Peat Moss, 20% orchid potting media (we prefer Schultz™ due to the hard wood, charcoal and mineral containing gravel) and 10% Perlite™, all thoroughly mixed together. We grow close to 50 different species in this mixture and numerous specimens have reached, or are beginning to reach, their adult or near adult size and have produced inflorescences.
The purpose of our mixture is to cause the water to flow through the soil quickly, yet stay damp, not soggy. Many growers call this type of mixture a "jungle mix" due to its similarity to the soil in a rain forest. The peat, orchid media and Perlite™ hold moisture and release it back to the roots as needed. And the added gravel along with the charcoal in the orchid media purifies the soil and keeps the mixture very loose. The roots of the plant will also attach to the bark just as they do in nature on the side of a tree. Depending on the species, we sometimes also add small pieces of crushed volcanic rock frequently sold in orchid supply stores. We use volcanic media since the roots will often attach to the rock and extract stored water. Volcanic rock is known to absorb water and hold it for a moderately long period of time.
Anthurium Introduction Part 1
It appears some believe there is only one form of Anthurium. There are many. So here is a basic primer regarding the genus Anthurium.
There are an estimated 800 botanically described species of Anthurium currently known to science. They are found throughout southern Mexico, Central America and much of South America with a few species found in the West Indies. But aroid botanists know there may be an equal number of unidentified species still not located and described in the rain forests of many South American countries, especially Ecuador and Colombia. The vast majority of the rarest and most beautiful forms are located on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains.
Despite an increasing number of articles on the internet which appear to claim up to fifty Anthurium species are found naturally in Southeast Asia, scientifically none are endemic in that part of the world. One internet "encyclopedia" appears to be the source of the dubious information. Aroid expert Julius Boos recently wrote, "Anthurium is a neotropical genus and does not occur naturally anywhere outside the neo-tropics!" It appears any Anthurium species found in Asia, the South Pacific, or Indonesian rain forests were introduced by plant collectors. These species are not found naturally in these regions of the world.
The genus Anthurium is now found in many South Pacific islands, but only as an introduced species. In Hawaii, many species can be found currently in cultivation since the genus is used to hybridize many hybrid variations. But all were introduced. Anthurium species are members of a larger group known as Araceae (aroids). There are in fact members of the larger group Araceae found in SE Asia, but these do not include Anthurium or Philodendron species. For further scientific reference, please read this work by botanist Dr. Croat: http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/abstrap1.htm
Each year, aroid specialists like Dr. Tom Croat of the Missouri Botanical Garden, who is considered one of the world's leading experts in this aroid genus, trek deep into the rain forest with the assistance of students and researchers in order to locate, photograph, collect and describe these new species. Some are so beautiful and odd, they defy belief.
The interest in species such as Anthurium jenmanii in SE Asia has begun to drive the price of numerous species upwards. As a result, questions via internet search engines regarding Anthurium species are frequently asked. One popular question often typed into an internet search engine is asking in one form or another "How do I grow Anthurium species?", "How do I pot an Anthurium?", or they ask about the care and culture of some Anthurium species. Two truly strange questions are "Can I grow an Anthurium in water?" and "Name all aquatic Anthurium species". According to Dr. Croat, there is no such thing as an aquatic Anthurium. Anthurium species are grown more like orchids than perhaps any other plant group other than Philodendron species. They most often live in a tree, not in soil. And the certainly aren't found growing in water. More is explained later in this article on the subject of growing Anthurium on volcanic rock.
Anthurium species are very popular as house plants. Almost anyone who goes on vacation to Hawaii is at least tempted to bring home an Anthurium. The vast majority of the plants grown in Hawaii are hybrid varieties, not species. Most are hybridized from a species known to science as Anthurium andreanum. That base species is not native to Hawaii, it is primarily found in northwest Ecuador and western Colombia. But it is perfect for use to hybridize 'house plants' since it produces a colorful spathe and spadix.
All Anthurium species are aroids. An aroid is a plant that reproduces by producing an inflorescence known to science as a spathe which is in fact a modified leaf. The inflorescence, which is sometimes shaped like cupped hands is made up of several parts. Chiefly the portion that appears to be a "flower" is the spathe and inside that is the spadix which somewhat resembles an elongated pine cone. Many people think the spathe is the "flower", but technically, the tiny flowers are found on the spadix at the center of the inflorescence. Once the flowers on the spadix have been fertilized they will eventually produce berries which can range in color. When in fruit the entire structure is known to a scientist as an infructesence.
When ready to reproduce, the spadix produces both male and female flowers. Noted aroid expert Julius Boos explained, "In one group of aroids, these occur in separate male and female zones, often separated by a sterile region. In the other group the male and female flowers occur mixed closely together throughout the entire length of the spadix." The tiny male flowers produce pollen and the tiny female flowers are designed to be receptive to pollen. However, most are cleverly divided by nature to keep the plant from being self-pollinated. Nature's preferred method is to have insects pick up the pollen from one plant and carry it to the female flowers of another plant in order keep the species strong.
But in the case of Anthurium species, many are very promiscuous. They will easily cross pollinate with any other Anthurium that is a member of a similar "section". As a result, there are likely as many hybrid varieties as there are species! Hawaiian growers love to create new varieties and sometimes go so far as to try to introduce their hybrids as "new species". Unless you are a trained aroid botanist, it is often quite difficult to see the difference in a hybrid and a true species.
The majority of aroids require a specific insect to do the work of pollination. If that insect is not present, it is unlikely the plant will be pollinated naturally. If pollinated by that "assigned" insect, the spadix can produce fruit which can vary in color from red to purple, green, white, or shades of these colors. Eventually the fruit berry ripens and contains seeds. Those fruit are how the Anthurium reproduces itself once a bird eats the fruit or a seed falls to the ground. Anthurium species can also reproduce from divisions, but it is not possible to propagate them by planting leaves! Simply trying to pot a leaf won't grow anything! There are a very few aroids which can reproduce by planting leaves, but Anthurium species are not in that group.
Botanists divide Anthurium species into "sections". Those sections often are used to categorize the various leaf structures into specific groups. As an example, section Cardiolonchium contains the species with leaf surfaces that feel and look like "velvet". This group is particularly beautiful and contains many of the most sought after species of Anthurium. Well known members of the section include Anthurium regale, Anthurium crystallinum, A. magnificum and A. warocqueanum. Frequently collected species are sometimes known as "birds nest" forms. That group is section Pachyneurium. The largest specimen of this section in our personal collection is Anthurium schlechtendalii and is capable of producing leaves 6 feet long or longer. Other interesting members of this section include Anthurium salviniae and Anthurium plowmanii. But there are numerous other sections of Anthurium species.
An important fact anyone interested in Anthurium species must understand is only a few Anthurium species grow in the ground in the rain forest! They can, but the majority grow up on the sides of trees or up in the canopy well above the ground. Even many of gigantic "birds nest" forms (see photo left) grow on the limb of a tree not in the soil! The ones that grow on trees are scientifically known as either epiphytes or hemiepiphytes. An epiphyte is a plant that simply grows upon another plant, normally a tree. The seed berries, once eaten and digested by a bird, are then left on a tree branch in the bird's droppings. Those seeds find just enough nutrient substances in the droppings to germinate and begin to grow on the limb of the tree. Some eventually drop roots all the way to the soil and as a result, once they pick up extra water and nutrients, grow quite large. Others begin life in the soil and then climb the tree. Those are known as the hemiepiphytes. But keep in mind, an Anthurium is not a parasite, it is an epiphyte. It simply uses the host for support.
Steve Lucas
There are an estimated 800 botanically described species of Anthurium currently known to science. They are found throughout southern Mexico, Central America and much of South America with a few species found in the West Indies. But aroid botanists know there may be an equal number of unidentified species still not located and described in the rain forests of many South American countries, especially Ecuador and Colombia. The vast majority of the rarest and most beautiful forms are located on the western slopes of the Andes Mountains.
Despite an increasing number of articles on the internet which appear to claim up to fifty Anthurium species are found naturally in Southeast Asia, scientifically none are endemic in that part of the world. One internet "encyclopedia" appears to be the source of the dubious information. Aroid expert Julius Boos recently wrote, "Anthurium is a neotropical genus and does not occur naturally anywhere outside the neo-tropics!" It appears any Anthurium species found in Asia, the South Pacific, or Indonesian rain forests were introduced by plant collectors. These species are not found naturally in these regions of the world.
The genus Anthurium is now found in many South Pacific islands, but only as an introduced species. In Hawaii, many species can be found currently in cultivation since the genus is used to hybridize many hybrid variations. But all were introduced. Anthurium species are members of a larger group known as Araceae (aroids). There are in fact members of the larger group Araceae found in SE Asia, but these do not include Anthurium or Philodendron species. For further scientific reference, please read this work by botanist Dr. Croat: http://www.aroid.org/genera/anthurium/abstrap1.htm
Each year, aroid specialists like Dr. Tom Croat of the Missouri Botanical Garden, who is considered one of the world's leading experts in this aroid genus, trek deep into the rain forest with the assistance of students and researchers in order to locate, photograph, collect and describe these new species. Some are so beautiful and odd, they defy belief.
The interest in species such as Anthurium jenmanii in SE Asia has begun to drive the price of numerous species upwards. As a result, questions via internet search engines regarding Anthurium species are frequently asked. One popular question often typed into an internet search engine is asking in one form or another "How do I grow Anthurium species?", "How do I pot an Anthurium?", or they ask about the care and culture of some Anthurium species. Two truly strange questions are "Can I grow an Anthurium in water?" and "Name all aquatic Anthurium species". According to Dr. Croat, there is no such thing as an aquatic Anthurium. Anthurium species are grown more like orchids than perhaps any other plant group other than Philodendron species. They most often live in a tree, not in soil. And the certainly aren't found growing in water. More is explained later in this article on the subject of growing Anthurium on volcanic rock.
Anthurium species are very popular as house plants. Almost anyone who goes on vacation to Hawaii is at least tempted to bring home an Anthurium. The vast majority of the plants grown in Hawaii are hybrid varieties, not species. Most are hybridized from a species known to science as Anthurium andreanum. That base species is not native to Hawaii, it is primarily found in northwest Ecuador and western Colombia. But it is perfect for use to hybridize 'house plants' since it produces a colorful spathe and spadix.
All Anthurium species are aroids. An aroid is a plant that reproduces by producing an inflorescence known to science as a spathe which is in fact a modified leaf. The inflorescence, which is sometimes shaped like cupped hands is made up of several parts. Chiefly the portion that appears to be a "flower" is the spathe and inside that is the spadix which somewhat resembles an elongated pine cone. Many people think the spathe is the "flower", but technically, the tiny flowers are found on the spadix at the center of the inflorescence. Once the flowers on the spadix have been fertilized they will eventually produce berries which can range in color. When in fruit the entire structure is known to a scientist as an infructesence.
When ready to reproduce, the spadix produces both male and female flowers. Noted aroid expert Julius Boos explained, "In one group of aroids, these occur in separate male and female zones, often separated by a sterile region. In the other group the male and female flowers occur mixed closely together throughout the entire length of the spadix." The tiny male flowers produce pollen and the tiny female flowers are designed to be receptive to pollen. However, most are cleverly divided by nature to keep the plant from being self-pollinated. Nature's preferred method is to have insects pick up the pollen from one plant and carry it to the female flowers of another plant in order keep the species strong.
But in the case of Anthurium species, many are very promiscuous. They will easily cross pollinate with any other Anthurium that is a member of a similar "section". As a result, there are likely as many hybrid varieties as there are species! Hawaiian growers love to create new varieties and sometimes go so far as to try to introduce their hybrids as "new species". Unless you are a trained aroid botanist, it is often quite difficult to see the difference in a hybrid and a true species.
The majority of aroids require a specific insect to do the work of pollination. If that insect is not present, it is unlikely the plant will be pollinated naturally. If pollinated by that "assigned" insect, the spadix can produce fruit which can vary in color from red to purple, green, white, or shades of these colors. Eventually the fruit berry ripens and contains seeds. Those fruit are how the Anthurium reproduces itself once a bird eats the fruit or a seed falls to the ground. Anthurium species can also reproduce from divisions, but it is not possible to propagate them by planting leaves! Simply trying to pot a leaf won't grow anything! There are a very few aroids which can reproduce by planting leaves, but Anthurium species are not in that group.
Botanists divide Anthurium species into "sections". Those sections often are used to categorize the various leaf structures into specific groups. As an example, section Cardiolonchium contains the species with leaf surfaces that feel and look like "velvet". This group is particularly beautiful and contains many of the most sought after species of Anthurium. Well known members of the section include Anthurium regale, Anthurium crystallinum, A. magnificum and A. warocqueanum. Frequently collected species are sometimes known as "birds nest" forms. That group is section Pachyneurium. The largest specimen of this section in our personal collection is Anthurium schlechtendalii and is capable of producing leaves 6 feet long or longer. Other interesting members of this section include Anthurium salviniae and Anthurium plowmanii. But there are numerous other sections of Anthurium species.
An important fact anyone interested in Anthurium species must understand is only a few Anthurium species grow in the ground in the rain forest! They can, but the majority grow up on the sides of trees or up in the canopy well above the ground. Even many of gigantic "birds nest" forms (see photo left) grow on the limb of a tree not in the soil! The ones that grow on trees are scientifically known as either epiphytes or hemiepiphytes. An epiphyte is a plant that simply grows upon another plant, normally a tree. The seed berries, once eaten and digested by a bird, are then left on a tree branch in the bird's droppings. Those seeds find just enough nutrient substances in the droppings to germinate and begin to grow on the limb of the tree. Some eventually drop roots all the way to the soil and as a result, once they pick up extra water and nutrients, grow quite large. Others begin life in the soil and then climb the tree. Those are known as the hemiepiphytes. But keep in mind, an Anthurium is not a parasite, it is an epiphyte. It simply uses the host for support.
Steve Lucas
What in the World is an Aroid
Have you ever grown a Caladium or a Calla lily in your yard? How about a "pothos" on your bathroom or kitchen counter? Have you ever been given a Spathyphyllum (Peace lily) as a gift? Then guess what? You've already been introduced to the world of aroids!
Although known by a variety of scientific and generic terms including Araceae, aroid and Arum, these plants are generally known as aroids to collectors. And the plant families that are aroids includes numerous genera and species! Philodendron, Anthurium, Alocasia, Colocasia, Epipremnum, Xanthosoma, Caladium, Spathyphyllum, Arisiaema, Amorphophallus and numerous other genera are all members of the larger family collectors call aroids.
So what makes all the species an aroid? The common factor is all of these plants have a very similar reproductive method. They all produce a spathe and spadix which you have likely called a "flower". Have you ever taken a trip to Hawaii and brought home one of those beautiful little Anthurium plants with the bright red, pink, yellow or white strange looking flowers on a long "stem"? That "flower" is not a flower at all! To a scientist it is known as a spathe and the portion at the center is known as the spadix. The spathe is actually nothing more than a modified leaf whose purpose is to protect the spadix. Why? Because the spadix, when ready to reproduce, is filled with both male and female flowers which are quite small. And given the right circumstances, and the introduction of an appropriate insect pollinator, those flowers will produce berries that contain seeds for the plant's reproduction. A most unique reproductive method, and thus, a most unique group of plant specimens!
Many aroids don't grow in the ground at all! Species in the genus Philodendron and Anthurium are often found up in the branches of a tree! But there are plenty of other aroids that do grow in soil.
Steve Lucas
Although known by a variety of scientific and generic terms including Araceae, aroid and Arum, these plants are generally known as aroids to collectors. And the plant families that are aroids includes numerous genera and species! Philodendron, Anthurium, Alocasia, Colocasia, Epipremnum, Xanthosoma, Caladium, Spathyphyllum, Arisiaema, Amorphophallus and numerous other genera are all members of the larger family collectors call aroids.
So what makes all the species an aroid? The common factor is all of these plants have a very similar reproductive method. They all produce a spathe and spadix which you have likely called a "flower". Have you ever taken a trip to Hawaii and brought home one of those beautiful little Anthurium plants with the bright red, pink, yellow or white strange looking flowers on a long "stem"? That "flower" is not a flower at all! To a scientist it is known as a spathe and the portion at the center is known as the spadix. The spathe is actually nothing more than a modified leaf whose purpose is to protect the spadix. Why? Because the spadix, when ready to reproduce, is filled with both male and female flowers which are quite small. And given the right circumstances, and the introduction of an appropriate insect pollinator, those flowers will produce berries that contain seeds for the plant's reproduction. A most unique reproductive method, and thus, a most unique group of plant specimens!
Many aroids don't grow in the ground at all! Species in the genus Philodendron and Anthurium are often found up in the branches of a tree! But there are plenty of other aroids that do grow in soil.
Steve Lucas
Key Characteristic of Anthurium
On any Anthurium there is a bump just beneath the leaf blade at the top of the petiole. That bump is called the geniculum. I have known it was there for many years. What I didn't know is the geniculum acts like a ''wrist'', and actually allows the leaf blade to rotate to align itself with the light source. It occurs only on some aroid genera including Anthurium and Spathiphyllum but not on others. The geniculum is used by botanists to determine if any new species is an Anthurium since Philodendron don't have it.
Steve Lucas
Steve Lucas
Wednesday, February 6, 2008
How many sections and species belong to Genus Anthurium?
Such a large genus cannot be described by a few general terms. Schott, in his book "Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum" (1860), grouped the then known 183 species in 28 sections. In 1905 Engler revised these sections into 18 sections. In 1983 Croat & Sheffer came up with the following sections :
Belolonchium, Calomystrium, Cardiolonchium, Chamaerepium, Cordatopunctatum, Dactylophyllium, Decurrentia, Digitinervium, Gymnopodium, Leptanthurium, Pachyneurium, Polyphyllium, Polyneurium, Porphyrochitonium, Schizoplacium, Semaeophyllium, Tetraspermium, Urospadix, Xialophyllium.
Anthurium can also be called "Flamingo Flower" or "Boy Flower"
Belolonchium, Calomystrium, Cardiolonchium, Chamaerepium, Cordatopunctatum, Dactylophyllium, Decurrentia, Digitinervium, Gymnopodium, Leptanthurium, Pachyneurium, Polyphyllium, Polyneurium, Porphyrochitonium, Schizoplacium, Semaeophyllium, Tetraspermium, Urospadix, Xialophyllium.
Anthurium can also be called "Flamingo Flower" or "Boy Flower"
Do You Anthurium?
Anthurium (Schott, 1829), is a large genus of about 600- 800 (possibly 1,000) species, belonging to the arum family (Araceae). It is the largest and probably the most complex genus of this family. Many species are undoubtedly not described yet and new ones are being found every year.
They grow in the most diverse habitats, mostly in wet tropical mountain forest of Central America and South America, but some in semi-arid environments. Most species occur in Panama, Colombia, Brazil, the Guiana Shield and Ecuador. According to the work of noted aroid botanist Dr. Tom Croat of the Missouri Botanical Garden, this genus is not found in Asia. It is solely a neotropical genus found in Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Some species have been introduced into Asian rain forests, but are not endemic.
Anthurium grows in many forms, mostly evergreen, bushy or climbing epiphytes with roots that often hang from the canopy all the way to the floor of the rain forest. There are also many terrestrial forms as well as hemiepiphytic forms. A hemiepiphyte is a plant capable of beginning life as a seed and sending roots to the soil, or beginning as a terrestrial plant that climbs a tree and then sends roots back to the soil. They occur also as lithophytes. Some are only found in association with arboreal ant colonies or growing on rocks in midstream (such as A. amnicola).
The stems are short to elongate with a length between 15 and 30 cm. The simple leaves come in many shapes. Most leaves are to be found at the end of the stem. They can be spatulate, rounded, or obtuse at the apex. They may be erect or spreading in a rosette, with a length up to 40 cm. The upper surface is matted or semiglossy. The leaves are petiolate. In drier environments, the leaves can take a bird's-nest-shape rosette that enables the plant to collect falling debris, thus water and natural fertilizer. Terrestrials or epiphytes often have cordate leaves. Some grow as vines with rosettes of lanceolate leaves. Some species have many-lobed leaves.
The flowers are small (about 3 mm) and develop crowded in a spike on a fleshy axis and called a spadix, a characteristic of the arums. The flowers on the spadix are often divided sexually with a sterile band separating male from female flowers. This spadix can take on many forms (club-shaped, tapered, spiraled, and globe-shaped) and colors (white, green, purple, red, pink, or a combination).
The spadix is part of an inflorescence. The outer portion of the inflorescence is known as the spathe. Some people like to call the spathe a "flower", however it is simply a modified leaf. The spathe may be a single color (yellow, green, or white) or possibly multicolored including burgundy and red. That sometimes colorful, solitary spathe: a showy modified bract that can be somewhat leathery in texture. There are no flowers on the spathe as is sometimes thought. The flowers are found solely on the spadix. The spathe can vary in color from pale green to white, rose, orange or shiny red (such as A. andrenaum). The color changes between the bud stage and the anthesis, (the time the flower expands). Thus the color might change from pale green to reddish purple to reddish brown.
The flowers are hermaphrodite, containing male and female flowers. The fruits are usually berries with one to multiple seeds on an infructescence that may be pendant or erect depending on species.
The flowers of Anthurium give off a variety of fragrances, each attracting a variety of specific pollinators.
Several species are popular in the florist trade as pot plants or cut flowers and for interior decoration. They include forms such as A. crystallinum f peltifolium with its large, velvety, darkgreen leaves and silvery white venation. Most hybrids are based on A. andreanum or A. scherzerianum because of their colorful spathes.
They grow in the most diverse habitats, mostly in wet tropical mountain forest of Central America and South America, but some in semi-arid environments. Most species occur in Panama, Colombia, Brazil, the Guiana Shield and Ecuador. According to the work of noted aroid botanist Dr. Tom Croat of the Missouri Botanical Garden, this genus is not found in Asia. It is solely a neotropical genus found in Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Some species have been introduced into Asian rain forests, but are not endemic.
Anthurium grows in many forms, mostly evergreen, bushy or climbing epiphytes with roots that often hang from the canopy all the way to the floor of the rain forest. There are also many terrestrial forms as well as hemiepiphytic forms. A hemiepiphyte is a plant capable of beginning life as a seed and sending roots to the soil, or beginning as a terrestrial plant that climbs a tree and then sends roots back to the soil. They occur also as lithophytes. Some are only found in association with arboreal ant colonies or growing on rocks in midstream (such as A. amnicola).
The stems are short to elongate with a length between 15 and 30 cm. The simple leaves come in many shapes. Most leaves are to be found at the end of the stem. They can be spatulate, rounded, or obtuse at the apex. They may be erect or spreading in a rosette, with a length up to 40 cm. The upper surface is matted or semiglossy. The leaves are petiolate. In drier environments, the leaves can take a bird's-nest-shape rosette that enables the plant to collect falling debris, thus water and natural fertilizer. Terrestrials or epiphytes often have cordate leaves. Some grow as vines with rosettes of lanceolate leaves. Some species have many-lobed leaves.
The flowers are small (about 3 mm) and develop crowded in a spike on a fleshy axis and called a spadix, a characteristic of the arums. The flowers on the spadix are often divided sexually with a sterile band separating male from female flowers. This spadix can take on many forms (club-shaped, tapered, spiraled, and globe-shaped) and colors (white, green, purple, red, pink, or a combination).
The spadix is part of an inflorescence. The outer portion of the inflorescence is known as the spathe. Some people like to call the spathe a "flower", however it is simply a modified leaf. The spathe may be a single color (yellow, green, or white) or possibly multicolored including burgundy and red. That sometimes colorful, solitary spathe: a showy modified bract that can be somewhat leathery in texture. There are no flowers on the spathe as is sometimes thought. The flowers are found solely on the spadix. The spathe can vary in color from pale green to white, rose, orange or shiny red (such as A. andrenaum). The color changes between the bud stage and the anthesis, (the time the flower expands). Thus the color might change from pale green to reddish purple to reddish brown.
The flowers are hermaphrodite, containing male and female flowers. The fruits are usually berries with one to multiple seeds on an infructescence that may be pendant or erect depending on species.
The flowers of Anthurium give off a variety of fragrances, each attracting a variety of specific pollinators.
Several species are popular in the florist trade as pot plants or cut flowers and for interior decoration. They include forms such as A. crystallinum f peltifolium with its large, velvety, darkgreen leaves and silvery white venation. Most hybrids are based on A. andreanum or A. scherzerianum because of their colorful spathes.
Is it Anthurium Bonplandii or Jenmanii?
Dear Komang:Your plant is what I treated as Anthurium bonplandii Bunting var. guayanum (Bunting) Croat. Some still call this Anthurium guayanum but I chose to consider it a variety of A. bonplandii owing to the immense variation in both species. Anthurium jenmanii Engl. is very different, having a spathe that soon falls off and also by lacking the dark punctuation on the lower blade surface.
Good growing! You have a lovely plant!
Tom Croat
Sunday, February 3, 2008
Anthurium Bonplandii var Guayanum
Anthurium Bonplandii merupakan jenis anthurium yang tergolong dalam kelompok Pachynerium, yang didalamnya termasuk jenis2 anthurium yang berbentuk menyerupai sarang burung (bird's nest), yang pertama kali dideskripsikan oleh George Bunting pada tahun 1975 ketika ia mengobservasi sebuah spesimen yang ditemukan di Amazon yang masuk wilayah Venezuela dekat Rio Orinoco. Spesimen tersebut diobservasi di dekat Siquita, antara Isla Castillito dan San Fernando de Atabapo pada ketinggian antara 100 hingga 140 meter diatas permukaan laut. Species ini ergolong terrestrial dan jarang ditemukan sebagai epifit (tumbuh di dipepohonan) tetapi sering kali ditemukan tumbuh dibebatuan. Spesies ini memiliki daun baru yang berwarna ungu gelap kemerahan namun lama kelamaan akan berubah menjadi hijau tua. Daunnya mengkilap, tebal dan dibagian bawahnya dapat dijumpai bintik2 berwarna hitam. Daun ditopang oleh petiole yang jika dipotong melintang akan terlihat seperti berbentuk huruf "D". Panjang petiole biasanya antara 10 hingga 35 cm.
Dalam kelompok ini, subspecies Anthurium Bonplandii subsp. Guayanum sedikit berbeda dan biasanya ditemukan pada wilayah dengan ketinggian lebih tinggi. A. Bonplandii Guayanum memiliki cataphylls yang cenderung berwarna kemerahan. Cataphylls adalah struktur tanaman dihasilkan dibagian dasar tanaman dan sekeliling daun baru ketika mulai tumbuh. Setelah daun baru tumbuh sempurna, cataphylls tersebut akan tetap ada di bagian dasar tanaman. Bunga A. Bonplandii bisa lebih panjang dari daunnya dengan peduncle mencapai panjang 96 cm. Setelah bunga terbentuk, spadix bisa mencapai panjang 35 cm, Warna spadix antara ungu kemerahan hingga ungu kecoklatan pada anthesis (ketika siap dipolinasi). Subspesies ini umum dijumpai di negara bagian Bolivar di dataran tinggi Guiana Venezuela, selain itu juga ditemukan di Guiana, Brazl dan Suriname.
Setelah tanaman ini menghasilkan spathe dan spadix, bunganya ini akan ditopang oleh peduncle dengan panjang antara 30 hingga 90cm. Spanthe berbentuk menyerupai tombak dan terlipat kebelakang. Warna spathe hijau pucat. Spadix berwarna ungu gelap kemerahan pada anthesis (saat ketika spadix siap dipolinasi). Setelah proses anthesis selesai, spadix berubah warna menjadi hijau keabu-abuan atau kecoklatan. Jika terpolinasi, buah yang hasilkan lonjong dan berwarna ungu kemerahan. Setelah polinasi dilakukan, spathe akan mengering. Buah umumnya hanya dihasilkan dibagian bawah spadix.
Spathe dan spadix merupakan alat reproduksi tanaman dan sebagain orang menganggap spathe sebagai "bunga" padahal sebenarnya spathe merupakan daun yang termodifikasi.Di habitat alaminya, A. Bonplandii bisa ditemui dari Venezuela, Kolombia, Guiana Shield, Brazil utara hingga selatan Peru. Anthurium Bonplandii merupakan spesies yang memiliki banyak varian dan banyak sub-spesies dengan bentuk daun dan ukuran yang bermacam2. Jenis2 Anthurium yang sering disebut Jenmanii di Indonesia kemungkinan merupakan salah satu turunan sub-spesies Bonplandii yang telah mengalami persilangan dengan jenis anthurium lain.
Anthurium Superbum Madison
Nama spesies ini diambil dari penampilannya yang memang luar biasa indah. Masuk kedalam golongan Pachynerium karena bentuknya yang menyerupai sarang burung (bird's nest). Spesies ini tergolong epifit, bisa dibayangkan tanaman seindah ini menempel dipepohonan? Batang pendek, akar sangat tebal dan banyak, daun berbentuk elips, kaku, tegak dan rapat dengan petiole yang pendek. Permukaan daun berkerut2 berwarna hijau gelap keunguan. Bagian belakang daunnya terkadang berwarna ungu atau merah. 
Bunga tegak dan lebih pendek dari daunnya, spadix berwarna putih merah muda, spathe hijau dan buah berwarna ungu. Salah satu spesies Anthurium yang paling indah dan langka. Tergolong ke dalam tanaman yang terancam punah dihabitat aslinya berdasarkan observasi yang dilakukan oleh IUCN.Pertama kali dikoleksi oleh C.H. Dodson disepanjang Rio Napo Ekuador, tanaman ini kemudian dideskpripsikan oleh Mike Madison dari Selby Botanical Garden.
Anthurium Jenmanii Engler
Anthurium Jenmanii merupakan anggota dari seksi Pachynerium, kelompok Anthurium yang tergolong ke dalam jenis2 yang berbentuk menyerupai sarang burung, aslinya ditemukan di suatu negara di kepulauan karibia yaitu Trinidad. Anthurium Jenmanii umumnya ditemukan pada ketinggian 150 meter dari permukaan laut. Anthurium Jenmanii juga dapat ditemukan di pulau lainnya yaitu Tobago, Guiana Shield di Amerika Selatan, Venezuela dan bagian sebelah utara hutan Amazon di Brazil. Spesies ini hampir selalu ditemukan pada ketinggian kurang dari 500 meter di hutan2 yang lembab.Anthurium Jenmanii juga dikenal sangat variabel (memiliki variasi2 bentuk daun) misalnya pada bagian dasarnya bentuk daunnya bisa datar, membulat ataupun sedikit oval. Anthurium Jenmanii memiliki internode dan cataphylls yang pendek dan akan tetap ada setelah daun muncul sempurna. Cataphylls merupakan bagian tanaman yang terbentuk disekeliling petiole baru ketika daun baru akan muncul. Petiole ini secara umum sering disebut sebagai batang. Bentuk daun umumnya oval tidak terlalu lebar dengan ujung yang membulat dan petiole berbentuk menyerupai huruf D jika dipotong melintang. Bagian bawah daun tidak semengkilat permukaan bagian atas daun.
Menarik bahwa banyak Anthurium yang dijual di Indonesia saat ini disebut2 sebagai varian Jenmanii walaupun tidak memiliki karakter yang menyerupai Jenmanii karena memang mereka adalah hibrid, kemungkinan hasil2 silangan Jenmanii dengan Bonplandii, Hookeri ataupun Plowmanii (Gelombang Cinta). Photo2 yang ditampilkan diblog ini merupakan photo2 spesies Anthurium Jenmanii yang diambil dari Jardin Botanique de la ville de Lyon dan Missouri Botanical Garden sebagai pembanding dengan Anthurium2 Jenmanii yang dijual diIndonesia.Banyak yang menganggap Anthurium Jenmanii merupakan spesies yang langka. Tentu saja Anthurium Jenmanii merupakan spesies Anthurium yang menarik namun menurut naturalis Joep Moonen yang tinggal di French Guiana, di hutan hujan sebelah utara Amerika Selatan, Anthurium Jenmanii tidaklah langka atau pun juga mudah ditemukan, biasa2 saja seperti beberapa spesies umum Anthurium lainnya. Namun sebenarnya yang benar2 dianggap langka adalah Anthurium Bonplandii subsp Guayanum.
Anthurium Rugulosum Sodiro
Anthurium Rugulosum termasuk ke dalam jenis Anthurium epifit yang hidup di pepohonan, merupakan tanaman endemik Ekuador. Tumbuh di pegunungan tinggi Andes yang dingin, tergolong langka dan secara resmi dinyatakan terancam punah. Spesies ini menyukai suhu yang dingin, bahkan pernah ditemukan hidup di gunung2 bersalju.Anthurium Rugulosum ditemukan pada ketinggian 1150 hingga 2800 meter dihutan2 pegunungan yang lembab dan basah. Tanaman ini menghuni hutan2 diketinggian yang selalu lembab, hal inilah yang membuatnya sebagai salah satu spesies yang sulit dipelihara diluar habitatnya.
Spesimen ini dideskripsikan oleh Luis Sodiro pada tahun 1901 di Anales de la Universidad Central de Ecuador. Sodiro bekerja di Ekuador pada akhir tahun 1800 hingga awal 1900 dan mendeskripsikan 281 taxa araceae Ekuador, kebanyakan adalah spesies anthurium. Ia merupakan ahli botani pertama yang memiliki spesialisasi pada aroid yang menghabiskan hampir seluruh kariernya di hutan2 tropis Ekuador.
Di Ekuador, Anthurium Rugulosum yang memiliki pola daun yang indah ini ditemukan tumbuh di Parque Nacional Podocarpus. Spesies ini sekarang terancam punah karena kerusakan habitat hidupnya. Menurut Dr. Croat, spesimen dari Napo Province terlihat mirip dengan populasi di selatan Ekuador di Morona-Santiago dan Zamora-Chincipe. Lembaran daunnya berukuran 30 hingga 40 cm. Dr. Croat mendeskripsikan Anthurium Rugulosum memiliki rambut2 pendek pada tulang bagian bawah permukaan daun. "Rambut2" ini dikenal dalam istilah sains sebagai trichomes. Rambut2 ini penting sebagai deskripsi karena hampir semua aroid tidak memiliki rambut sama sekali. Sodiro juga mendeskripsikan tanaman yang sama sebagai Anthurium Papillosum. Spadix Anthuirum Rugulosum berbentuk silindris. Sodiro menganggap spesies ini merupakan jembatan antara Anthurium Pulverulentum dan Anthurium Dictyophyllum (saat ini dianggap sinonim Anthurium Corrugatum). Daun A. Pulverulentum berukuran jauh lebih besar.
Anthurium Salviniae
Anthurium Salviniae tergolong epifit, batangnya pendek dengan akar yang sangat banyak. Daunnya tegak, petiole rata dengan panjang 5-23 cm dengan diameter 1-2 cm, lembaran daun berbentuk obovate hingga oblanceolate dengan ketebalan sedang dengan ujung yang lancip dan permukaan daun atas bawah semiglossy. Panjang peduncle 16-80 cm, spathe warna ungu atau hijau, spadix hijau pucat yang lama2 berubah menjadi ungu. Buah berwana merah, elips.
Spesies ini habitatnya di Mexico (Chiapas) barat sepanjang pesisir Pacific di Guatemala dan pesisir Atlantik dan Pacific dari Nicaragua hingga Panama. Terdapat juga satu sampel spesies yang dikoleksi dari Honduras. Spesies ini juga dapat ditemui di Kolombia misalnya di Chigorodo dan Dabeiba di Antioquia. Anthurium Salviniae hidup di ketinggiaan 1400 meter dari permukaan laut pada hutan tropical yang lembab dan basah.
Pachyneurium
Pachyneurium merupakan sebutan untuk satu seksi anthurium yang mengambil bentuk menyerupai sarang burung (bird's nest) dengan petiole yang pendek. Beberapa anthurium yang terkenal di Indonesia masuk kedalam golongan ini semisal Anthurium Jenmanii, Plowmanii, Hookeri, Superbum, Willifordii, Cubense, Reflexinervium dll. Tapi tahukah anda apa sebenarnya yang menjadi ciri utama dari kelompok ini? Kunci dari penggolongan anthurium kedalam seksi Pachyneurium adalah bentuk gulungan daun baru sebelum daun tersebut mekar. Istilah sainsnya adalah involute leaf vernation. Pada kelompok anthurium di luar seksi Pachyneurium (bahkan juga seluruh kelompok Araceae kecuali genus Lagenandra dari benua Asia), jenis gulungan daun barunya adalah supervolute, yaitu satu sisi bagian daun tergulung ke dalam ke arah tulang daun, kemudian satu sisi bagian daun lainnya menggulung gulungan pertama tadi sehingga terlihat seperti spiral atau rumah kerang2an.
Pada kelompok Pachyneurium, istilah involute leaf vernation berarti kedua sisi daun menggulung ke dalam kearah tulang daun. Yang terlihat akhirnya adalah dua gulungan daun bertemu di tengah (tulang daun). Karakter ini sangat penting karena sebagian kecil anggota kelompok ini seperti A. ranchoanum, standleyi dan schottianum memiliki petiole/batang yang panjang dan bentuk daun menyerupai hati. Tiga spesies ini sama sekali tidak menyerupai sama sekali bentuk anthurium "bird's nest". Kromosom kelompok Pachyneurium relatif sama dengan mayoritas spesies memiliki kromosom 2N = 30. Beberapa spesies memiliki kromosom 2N = 60 dan kromoson B terdapat pada dua spesies yaitu A. crenatum dan A. solitarium. A. Jenmanii unik karena memiliki kromosom 2N = 48, jumlah kromoson yang hanya ditemukan pada kelompok Tetraspermium.
Pada kelompok Pachyneurium, istilah involute leaf vernation berarti kedua sisi daun menggulung ke dalam kearah tulang daun. Yang terlihat akhirnya adalah dua gulungan daun bertemu di tengah (tulang daun). Karakter ini sangat penting karena sebagian kecil anggota kelompok ini seperti A. ranchoanum, standleyi dan schottianum memiliki petiole/batang yang panjang dan bentuk daun menyerupai hati. Tiga spesies ini sama sekali tidak menyerupai sama sekali bentuk anthurium "bird's nest". Kromosom kelompok Pachyneurium relatif sama dengan mayoritas spesies memiliki kromosom 2N = 30. Beberapa spesies memiliki kromosom 2N = 60 dan kromoson B terdapat pada dua spesies yaitu A. crenatum dan A. solitarium. A. Jenmanii unik karena memiliki kromosom 2N = 48, jumlah kromoson yang hanya ditemukan pada kelompok Tetraspermium.
Anthurium Marie
Anthurium Marie merupakan hasil silangan yang dilakukan oleh Marie Nocks dari Ree Gardens di Miami, Florida. Ada darah Watermaliense dihybrid ini yang memberi warna hitam. Watermaliense asalnya dari Panama dan Costa Rica dikenal juga sebagai anthurium negro karena warnanya hitam walaupun yang hitam bukan daunnya tapi spathe dan pedunclenya. Anthurium Marie memiliki keistimewaan berupa bentuk spadixnya yang menyerupai bentuk hewan dan daunnya yang akan berwarna keunguan jika terekspos cahaya matahari dengan intensitas tinggi karenanya di Philipina dikenal sebagai Anthurium Burgundy. Pertumbuhan relatif cepat.
Anthurium Gelombang Cinta
Ini dia biang rusuh huru-hara anthurium Indonesia. Anthurium Gelombang Cinta alias Gel-Cin alias Wave of Love (WOL). Dalam dunia science lebih dikenal sebagai Anthurium Plowmanii, sebagai penghormatan terhadap Timothy Plowman. Habitat aslinya dialam meliputi Brazil, Paraguay, Peru dan Bolivia. Anthurium Gel-Cin masuk ke dalam seksi Pachyneurium yang berbentuk menyerupai sarang burung (bird's nest). Harganya yang meroket mencapai puncak sekitar bulan September 2007 kemudian menukik tajam kembali ke kisaran harga semula. Fenomena ajaib dari dunia tanaman hias. Gelombang daunnya mampu menyapu habis uang dikantong kita seketika, disisi lain ada yang beruntung angin berhembus dibelakang mereka mendorong profit yang luar biasa.
Anthurium Hookeri Sweeta
Anthurium Hookeri Sweeta, dikenal di Indonesia sebagai salah satu varian Hookeri yang cukup diincar hobiis karena eksotis dengan kerut2 didaunnya. Selidik punya selidik, ada kemungkinan Hookeri Sweeta mungkin masih merupakan spesies yaitu Anthurium Imperiale. Foto diatas memperlihatkan kemiripan antar keduanya.
Tips Perawatann Anthurium, Philodendron, Aglaonema
Perawatan tanaman Aglaonema, Anthurium dan Philodendron secara umum tidak banyak perbedaan. Tips perawatan ketiga tanaman hias daun tersebut sebagai berikut:
A. Penyiraman
Musim kemarau 1 – 2 hari sekali
Musim hujan 3 – 4 hari sekali
Banyaknya volume air penyiraman tergantung dengan media yang digunakan
Sebaiknya penyiraman dilakukan pada waktu pagi hari (06.00 – 09.00)
B. Pemupukan
Pupuk Aplikasi Siram Utama (PASU): Grow More/Hyponex 20-20-20, Rapid Gro 30-10-10, dengan konsentrasi dan waktu pemberian: 0,75 – 1 g/L diberikan 1 – 2 kali seminggu
Pupuk Aplikasi Siram Penunjang (PASP): Grow More Calcium/Calcium Nitrat (Calcinit)/Magnesium Sulphate/Grow More Mikro 0,5 - 0,75 g/L; Metalik 0,5 – 0,75 ml/L
Pupuk Slow Release (Lambat Urai): Dekastar/Osmocote 1 sendok teh per pot diameter 15 cm dengan pemberian ulang per 3 bulan sekali.
Penunjang lain: Superthrive/Liquinox Start B1/Golden Gro/Photo Gro/NovelGrow/Grow Quick S, dengan konsentrasi dan waktu pemberian: 0,5 – 1 ml/L diberikan per 2 minggu sekali.
Apabila media tanam masih basah, pemberian pupuk dapat dilakukan melalui penyemprotan ke daun (utama bagian daun bawah) dengan konsentrasi setengah dari yang disarankan.
C. Pencahayaan
Tidak langsung (ternaungi) 65 – 70%
D. Suhu dan Kelembaban
Suhu yang diperlukan 25 – 30oC, dengan kelembaban 60 – 70%
E. Pergantian media dan pot
Media dapat diganti setiap 6 bulan sekali, sedangkan pot tergantung dengan ukuran tanaman dan perkembangan rumpun.
F. Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit
Hama: Spider Mites, Kutu Perisai, Aphid, Mealybugs (Demiter/Kelthane/Curacron 0,5 – 1 ml/L), Root Mealybugs (Diazinon 0,25 – 0,5 ml/L)
Penyakit: Busuk Lunak Daun karena Erwinia carotovora, nekrosis pada daun karena Xanthomonas campestris (Agrept 0,5 g/L atau Bactocyn 0,5 ml/L), busuk akar karena Phytoptora/Pytium/Rhizoctonia (Daconil/Score/Vilan/Previcur N 0,5 – 1 ml/L).
Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan cara penyemprotan 1 kali seminggu atau per 2 minggu, bila terdapat gejala di daun, maka segera dilakukan langkah pemotongan pada bagian daun tersebut untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit melalui percikan air.
Catatan: khusus untuk pengendalian hama Root Mealybugs dengan cara disiramkan ke media tanam sekali setiap 1 – 2 bulan sekali.
(Yudha Hartanto MSi., diolah dari berbagai sumber).
A. Penyiraman
Musim kemarau 1 – 2 hari sekali
Musim hujan 3 – 4 hari sekali
Banyaknya volume air penyiraman tergantung dengan media yang digunakan
Sebaiknya penyiraman dilakukan pada waktu pagi hari (06.00 – 09.00)
B. Pemupukan
Pupuk Aplikasi Siram Utama (PASU): Grow More/Hyponex 20-20-20, Rapid Gro 30-10-10, dengan konsentrasi dan waktu pemberian: 0,75 – 1 g/L diberikan 1 – 2 kali seminggu
Pupuk Aplikasi Siram Penunjang (PASP): Grow More Calcium/Calcium Nitrat (Calcinit)/Magnesium Sulphate/Grow More Mikro 0,5 - 0,75 g/L; Metalik 0,5 – 0,75 ml/L
Pupuk Slow Release (Lambat Urai): Dekastar/Osmocote 1 sendok teh per pot diameter 15 cm dengan pemberian ulang per 3 bulan sekali.
Penunjang lain: Superthrive/Liquinox Start B1/Golden Gro/Photo Gro/NovelGrow/Grow Quick S, dengan konsentrasi dan waktu pemberian: 0,5 – 1 ml/L diberikan per 2 minggu sekali.
Apabila media tanam masih basah, pemberian pupuk dapat dilakukan melalui penyemprotan ke daun (utama bagian daun bawah) dengan konsentrasi setengah dari yang disarankan.
C. Pencahayaan
Tidak langsung (ternaungi) 65 – 70%
D. Suhu dan Kelembaban
Suhu yang diperlukan 25 – 30oC, dengan kelembaban 60 – 70%
E. Pergantian media dan pot
Media dapat diganti setiap 6 bulan sekali, sedangkan pot tergantung dengan ukuran tanaman dan perkembangan rumpun.
F. Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit
Hama: Spider Mites, Kutu Perisai, Aphid, Mealybugs (Demiter/Kelthane/Curacron 0,5 – 1 ml/L), Root Mealybugs (Diazinon 0,25 – 0,5 ml/L)
Penyakit: Busuk Lunak Daun karena Erwinia carotovora, nekrosis pada daun karena Xanthomonas campestris (Agrept 0,5 g/L atau Bactocyn 0,5 ml/L), busuk akar karena Phytoptora/Pytium/Rhizoctonia (Daconil/Score/Vilan/Previcur N 0,5 – 1 ml/L).
Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan cara penyemprotan 1 kali seminggu atau per 2 minggu, bila terdapat gejala di daun, maka segera dilakukan langkah pemotongan pada bagian daun tersebut untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit melalui percikan air.
Catatan: khusus untuk pengendalian hama Root Mealybugs dengan cara disiramkan ke media tanam sekali setiap 1 – 2 bulan sekali.
(Yudha Hartanto MSi., diolah dari berbagai sumber).
Memupuk Anthurium
Memupuk adalah salah satu dari sekian kegiatan dalam merawat Anthurium untuk menghasilkan tumbuhan yang maksimal. Sama seperti pada tanaman lainnya, unsur hara untuk Anthurium dapat diperoleh dari air siraman, media tumbuh, serta pupuk. Pupuk dapat diberikan melalui akar dan daun dengan dosis yang tepat, tidak berlebih atau kurang.
Unsur hara yang yang dibutuhkan tanaman dapat dibagi mjd 2 kelompok:
1. Unsur Hara Makro (dibutuhkan tanaman dlm jumlah banyak)
Mis: Nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), kalium(K), calsium(Ca), sulfur(S), magnesium
(Mg)
2. Unsur Hara Mikro (dibutuhkan dlm jumlah sedikit tapi mutlak harus tersedia)
Mis: besi(Fe), mangan(Mn), boron(B), tembaga(Cu), zink(Zn).
Chlorida(Cl),Molibdeum(Mo)
Anthurium membutuhkan Nitrogen (N) lebih tinggi dibanding unsur fosfor(P) dan kalium(K), karena fungsi Nitrogen untuk merangsang pembentukan daun dan akar yang lebih kokoh, klorofil juga lebih banyak terbentuk shg warna hijau daun semakin sempurna
Untuk tujuan pembentukan bunga yang nantinya akan menghasilkan biji, disarankan memakai pupuk dengan kandungan Fosfor tinggi. Jika tanaman dalam kondisi lemah atau pada musim hujan sebaiknya gunakan pupuk dengan komposisi Kalium lebih tinggi
Anthurim tms tanaman yang lamban pertumbuhannya, dan tidak perlu dipupuk berlebihan, apabila sudah diberi pupuk pelepas lambat (slow release diberikan setiap 3 bulan sekali), pupuk daun cukup diberikan seminggu sekali
Pupuk organik juga sangat baik bagi anthurium, dapat diberikan secara berselang-seling dgn pupuk organik, larutkan pupuk kedlm air sesuai dosis anjuran, lalu semprotkan ke bagian bawah daun seminggu sekali, lakukan pada pagi hari (06.00-07.00) atau sore (17.00-18.00)
Nama Unsur dan Manfaat
Nitrogen : Memacu pertumbuhan daun dan batang, membantu pembentukan akar
Fosfor : Mendorong pembentukan akar, membantu pembentukan bunga dan buah
Kalium : Unsur utama pembentukan tulang tanaman dan dinding sel (penguat tanaman) membantu pembentukan bunga dan buah
Calsium : Membantu pembentukan ujung dan bulu akar
Magnesium : Unsur utama dalam pembentukan hijau daun dan membantu penyebaran fosfor ke seluruh tubuh
Sulfur : Bersama fosfor mempertinggi kinerja unsur lain dan memproduksi energi
Ferrum : Ikut dalam pembentukan zat hijau daun
Mangan : Membantu penyerapan Nitrogen
Borium : Ikut dalam pembentukan jaringan tunas/meristem
Zink : Ikut dalam pembentukan jaringan tunas/meristem
Molibdenum : Berperan dalam pengikatan Nitrogen
(Nia Wibowo)
Unsur hara yang yang dibutuhkan tanaman dapat dibagi mjd 2 kelompok:
1. Unsur Hara Makro (dibutuhkan tanaman dlm jumlah banyak)
Mis: Nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), kalium(K), calsium(Ca), sulfur(S), magnesium
(Mg)
2. Unsur Hara Mikro (dibutuhkan dlm jumlah sedikit tapi mutlak harus tersedia)
Mis: besi(Fe), mangan(Mn), boron(B), tembaga(Cu), zink(Zn).
Chlorida(Cl),Molibdeum(Mo)
Anthurium membutuhkan Nitrogen (N) lebih tinggi dibanding unsur fosfor(P) dan kalium(K), karena fungsi Nitrogen untuk merangsang pembentukan daun dan akar yang lebih kokoh, klorofil juga lebih banyak terbentuk shg warna hijau daun semakin sempurna
Untuk tujuan pembentukan bunga yang nantinya akan menghasilkan biji, disarankan memakai pupuk dengan kandungan Fosfor tinggi. Jika tanaman dalam kondisi lemah atau pada musim hujan sebaiknya gunakan pupuk dengan komposisi Kalium lebih tinggi
Anthurim tms tanaman yang lamban pertumbuhannya, dan tidak perlu dipupuk berlebihan, apabila sudah diberi pupuk pelepas lambat (slow release diberikan setiap 3 bulan sekali), pupuk daun cukup diberikan seminggu sekali
Pupuk organik juga sangat baik bagi anthurium, dapat diberikan secara berselang-seling dgn pupuk organik, larutkan pupuk kedlm air sesuai dosis anjuran, lalu semprotkan ke bagian bawah daun seminggu sekali, lakukan pada pagi hari (06.00-07.00) atau sore (17.00-18.00)
Nama Unsur dan Manfaat
Nitrogen : Memacu pertumbuhan daun dan batang, membantu pembentukan akar
Fosfor : Mendorong pembentukan akar, membantu pembentukan bunga dan buah
Kalium : Unsur utama pembentukan tulang tanaman dan dinding sel (penguat tanaman) membantu pembentukan bunga dan buah
Calsium : Membantu pembentukan ujung dan bulu akar
Magnesium : Unsur utama dalam pembentukan hijau daun dan membantu penyebaran fosfor ke seluruh tubuh
Sulfur : Bersama fosfor mempertinggi kinerja unsur lain dan memproduksi energi
Ferrum : Ikut dalam pembentukan zat hijau daun
Mangan : Membantu penyerapan Nitrogen
Borium : Ikut dalam pembentukan jaringan tunas/meristem
Zink : Ikut dalam pembentukan jaringan tunas/meristem
Molibdenum : Berperan dalam pengikatan Nitrogen
(Nia Wibowo)
Hormon Tumbuhan
Pertumbuhan, perkembangan, dan pergerakan tumbuhan dikendalikan beberapa golongan zat yang secara umum dikenal sebagai hormon tumbuhan atau fitohormon. Penggunaan istilah "hormon" sendiri menggunakan analogi fungsi hormon pada hewan; dan, sebagaimana pada hewan, hormon juga dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang sangat sedikit di dalam sel. Beberapa ahli berkeberatan dengan istilah ini karena fungsi beberapa hormon tertentu tumbuhan (hormon endogen, dihasilkan sendiri oleh individu yang bersangkutan) dapat diganti dengan pemberian zat-zat tertentu dari luar, misalnya dengan penyemprotan (hormon eksogen, diberikan dari luar sistem individu). Mereka lebih suka menggunakan istilah zat pengatur tumbuh (bahasa Inggris plant growth regulator).
Hormon tumbuhan merupakan bagian dari proses regulasi genetik dan berfungsi sebagai prekursor. Rangsangan lingkungan memicu terbentuknya hormon tumbuhan. Bila konsentrasi hormon telah mencapai tingkat tertentu, sejumlah gen yang semula tidak aktif akan mulai ekspresi. Dari sudut pandang evolusi, hormon tumbuhan merupakan bagian dari proses adaptasi dan pertahanan diri tumbuh-tumbuhan untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup jenisnya.
Pemahaman terhadap fitohormon pada masa kini telah membantu peningkatan hasil pertanian dengan ditemukannya berbagai macam zat sintetis yang memiliki pengaruh yang sama dengan fitohormon alami. Aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh dalam pertanian modern mencakup pengamanan hasil (seperti penggunaan cycocel untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap lingkungan yang kurang mendukung), memperbesar ukuran dan meningkatkan kualitas produk (misalnya dalam teknologi semangka tanpa biji), atau menyeragamkan waktu berbunga (misalnya dalam aplikasi etilena untuk penyeragaman pembungaan tanaman buah musiman), untuk menyebut beberapa contohnya.
Sejauh ini dikenal sejumlah golongan zat yang dianggap sebagai fitohormon, yaitu
Auksin
Sitokinin
Giberelin atau asam giberelat (GA)
Etilena
Asam absisat (ABA)
Asam jasmonat
Steroid (brasinosteroid)
Salisilat
Poliamina.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan
A. Faktor Luar
1. Air dan Mineral Þ berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan tajuk 2 akar. Diferensiasi salah satu unsur hara atau lebih akan menghambat atau menyebabkan pertumbuhan tak normal.
2. Kelembaban.
3. Suhu Þ di antaranya mempengaruhi kerja enzim. Suhu ideal yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan yang paling baik adalah suhu optimum, yang berbeda untuk tiap jenis tumbuhan.
4. Cahaya Þ mempengaruhi fotosintesis. Secara umum merupakan faktor penghambat.
Etiolasi adalah pertumbuhan yang sangat cepat di tempat yang gelap
Fotoperiodisme adalah respon tumbuhan terhadap intensitas cahaya dan panjang penyinaran.
B. Faktor Dalam
1. Faktor hereditas.
2. Hormon.
a. Auksin adalah senyawa asam indol asetat (IAA) yang dihasilkan di ujung meristem apikal (ujung akar dan batang). F.W. Went (1928) pertama kali menemukan auksin pada ujung koleoptil kecambah gandum Avena sativa.
- membantu perkecambahan
- dominasi apikal
b. Giberelin adalah senyawa ini dihasilkan oleh jamur Giberella fujikuroi atau Fusarium moniliformae, ditemukan oleh F. Kurusawa. Fungsi giberelin :
- pemanjangan tumbuhan
- berperan dalam partenokarpi
c. Sitokinin
Pertama kali ditemukan pada tembakau. Hormon ini merangsang pembelahan sel.
d. Gas etilen
Banyak ditemukan pada buah yang sudah tua
e. Asam absiat
f. Florigen
g. Kalin
Hormon pertumbuhan organ, terdiri dari :
- Rhizokalin
- Kaulokali
- Filokalin
- Antokalin
h. Asam traumalin atau kambium luka
Merangsang pembelahan sel di daerah luka sebagai mekanisme untuk menutupi luka
Salisbury dan Ross (1995) menambahkan hormon yang pertama kali ditemukan adalah auksin. Auksin endogen yaitu IAA (Indol Acetic Acid) ditemukan pada tahun 1930-an bahkan saat itu hormon mula-mula dimurnikan dari air seni. Karena semakin banyak hormon ditemukan maka efek serta konsentrasi endogennya dikaji. Hormon pada tanaman jelas mempunyai ciri : setiap hormon mempengaruhi respon pada bagian tumbuhan, respon itu bergantung pada species, bagian tumbuhan, fase perkembangan, konsentrasi hormon, interaksi antar hormon, yang diketahui dan berbagai faktor lingkungan yaitu cahaya, suhu, kelembaban, dan lainnya.
Hormon ABA (Asam absisat)
Semua jaringan tanaman terdapat hormon ABA yang dapat dipisahkan secara kromatografi Rf 0.9. Senyawa tersebut merupakan inhibitor B –kompleks. Senyawa ini mempengaruhi proses pertumbuhan, dormansi dan absisi. Beberapa peneliti akhirnya menemukan senyawa yang sama yaitu asam absisat (ABA). Peneliti tersebut yaitu Addicott et al dari California USA pada tahun 1967 pada tanaman kapas dan Rothwell serta Wain pada tahun 1964 pada tanaman lupin (Wattimena 1992).
Menurut Salisbury dan Ross (1995) zat pengatur tumbuhan yang diproduksi di dalam tanaman disebut juga hormon tanaman. Hormon tanaman yang dianggap sebagai hormon stress diproduksi dalam jumlah besar ketika tanaman mengalami berbagai keadaan rawan diantaranya yaitu ABA. Keadaan rawan tersebut antara lain kurang air, tanah bergaram, dan suhu dingin atau panas. ABA membantu tanaman mengatasi dari keadaan rawan tersebut.
ABA adalah seskuiterpenoid berkarbon 15, yang disintesis sebagian di kloroplas dan plastid melalui lintasan asam mevalonat (Salisbury dan Ross 1995). Reaksi awal sintesis ABA sama dengan reaksi sintesis isoprenoid seperti gibberelin sterol dan karotenoid. Menurut Crellman (1989) biosintesis ABA pada sebagian besar tumbuhan terjadi secara tak langsung melalui peruraian karotenoid tertentu (40 karbon) yang ada di plastid. ABA pergerakannya dalam tumbuhan sama dengan pergerakan gibberelin yaitu dapat diangkut secara mudah melalui xilem floem dan juga sel-sel parenkim di luar berkas pembuluh.
Hormon IAA (asam indol- 3 asetat)
Istilah auksin pertama kali digunakan oleh Frist Went seorang mahasiswa PascaSarjana di negeri Belanda pada tahun 1926 yang kini diketahui sebagai asam indol-3 asetat atau IAA (Salisbury dan Ross 1995). Senyawa ini terdapat cukup banyak di ujung koleoptil tanaman oat ke arah cahaya. Dua mekanisme sintesis IAA yaitu pelepasan gugus amino dan gugus karboksil akhir dari rantai triphtofan. Enzim yang paling aktif diperlukan untuk mengubah tripthofan menjadi IAA terdapat di jaringan muda seperti meristem tajuk, daun serta buah yang sedang tumbuh. Semua jaringan ini kandungan IAA paling tinggi karena disintesis di daerah tersebut.
IAA terdapat di akar pada konsentrasi yang hampir sama dengan di bagian tumbuhan lainnya (Salisbury dan Ross 1995). IAA dapat memacu pemanjangan akar pada konsentrasi yang sangat rendah. IAA adalah auksin endogen atau auksin yang terdapat dalam tanaman. IAA berperan dalam aspek pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman yaitu pembesaran sel yaitu koleoptil atau batang penghambatan mata tunas samping, pada konsentrasi tinggi menghambat pertumbuhan mata tunas untuk menjadi tunas absisi (pengguguran) daun aktivitas dari kambium dirangsang oleh IAA pertumbuhan akar pada konsentrasi tinggi dapat menghambat perbesaran sel-sel akar.
Penelitian IAA oleh Gregorio et al (1995) pada embrio, endosperma, dan integumen benih Sechium edule (labu Siam) pada umur 23, 27, 33, dan 37 hari setelah anthesis adalah sebagai berikut: 1) jumlah IAA pada embrio pada umur tersebut berturut-turut 1.67%, 2.08%, 3.40 % dan 3.29 %, 2) Jumlah IAA pada endosperma berturut-turut 20.45%, 25.72%, 30,40%, dan 52.22% dari total IAA, dan 3) Jumlah IAA pada integumen adalah 8.44%, 9.32%, 8.76% dan 8.04%, dan 4) Jumlah IAA total ( IAA terikat maupun IAA bebas) cenderung meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya kemasakan benih labu Siam.
(Wikipedia Indonesia)
Hormon tumbuhan merupakan bagian dari proses regulasi genetik dan berfungsi sebagai prekursor. Rangsangan lingkungan memicu terbentuknya hormon tumbuhan. Bila konsentrasi hormon telah mencapai tingkat tertentu, sejumlah gen yang semula tidak aktif akan mulai ekspresi. Dari sudut pandang evolusi, hormon tumbuhan merupakan bagian dari proses adaptasi dan pertahanan diri tumbuh-tumbuhan untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup jenisnya.
Pemahaman terhadap fitohormon pada masa kini telah membantu peningkatan hasil pertanian dengan ditemukannya berbagai macam zat sintetis yang memiliki pengaruh yang sama dengan fitohormon alami. Aplikasi zat pengatur tumbuh dalam pertanian modern mencakup pengamanan hasil (seperti penggunaan cycocel untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap lingkungan yang kurang mendukung), memperbesar ukuran dan meningkatkan kualitas produk (misalnya dalam teknologi semangka tanpa biji), atau menyeragamkan waktu berbunga (misalnya dalam aplikasi etilena untuk penyeragaman pembungaan tanaman buah musiman), untuk menyebut beberapa contohnya.
Sejauh ini dikenal sejumlah golongan zat yang dianggap sebagai fitohormon, yaitu
Auksin
Sitokinin
Giberelin atau asam giberelat (GA)
Etilena
Asam absisat (ABA)
Asam jasmonat
Steroid (brasinosteroid)
Salisilat
Poliamina.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pertumbuhan Dan Perkembangan
A. Faktor Luar
1. Air dan Mineral Þ berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan tajuk 2 akar. Diferensiasi salah satu unsur hara atau lebih akan menghambat atau menyebabkan pertumbuhan tak normal.
2. Kelembaban.
3. Suhu Þ di antaranya mempengaruhi kerja enzim. Suhu ideal yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan yang paling baik adalah suhu optimum, yang berbeda untuk tiap jenis tumbuhan.
4. Cahaya Þ mempengaruhi fotosintesis. Secara umum merupakan faktor penghambat.
Etiolasi adalah pertumbuhan yang sangat cepat di tempat yang gelap
Fotoperiodisme adalah respon tumbuhan terhadap intensitas cahaya dan panjang penyinaran.
B. Faktor Dalam
1. Faktor hereditas.
2. Hormon.
a. Auksin adalah senyawa asam indol asetat (IAA) yang dihasilkan di ujung meristem apikal (ujung akar dan batang). F.W. Went (1928) pertama kali menemukan auksin pada ujung koleoptil kecambah gandum Avena sativa.
- membantu perkecambahan
- dominasi apikal
b. Giberelin adalah senyawa ini dihasilkan oleh jamur Giberella fujikuroi atau Fusarium moniliformae, ditemukan oleh F. Kurusawa. Fungsi giberelin :
- pemanjangan tumbuhan
- berperan dalam partenokarpi
c. Sitokinin
Pertama kali ditemukan pada tembakau. Hormon ini merangsang pembelahan sel.
d. Gas etilen
Banyak ditemukan pada buah yang sudah tua
e. Asam absiat
f. Florigen
g. Kalin
Hormon pertumbuhan organ, terdiri dari :
- Rhizokalin
- Kaulokali
- Filokalin
- Antokalin
h. Asam traumalin atau kambium luka
Merangsang pembelahan sel di daerah luka sebagai mekanisme untuk menutupi luka
Salisbury dan Ross (1995) menambahkan hormon yang pertama kali ditemukan adalah auksin. Auksin endogen yaitu IAA (Indol Acetic Acid) ditemukan pada tahun 1930-an bahkan saat itu hormon mula-mula dimurnikan dari air seni. Karena semakin banyak hormon ditemukan maka efek serta konsentrasi endogennya dikaji. Hormon pada tanaman jelas mempunyai ciri : setiap hormon mempengaruhi respon pada bagian tumbuhan, respon itu bergantung pada species, bagian tumbuhan, fase perkembangan, konsentrasi hormon, interaksi antar hormon, yang diketahui dan berbagai faktor lingkungan yaitu cahaya, suhu, kelembaban, dan lainnya.
Hormon ABA (Asam absisat)
Semua jaringan tanaman terdapat hormon ABA yang dapat dipisahkan secara kromatografi Rf 0.9. Senyawa tersebut merupakan inhibitor B –kompleks. Senyawa ini mempengaruhi proses pertumbuhan, dormansi dan absisi. Beberapa peneliti akhirnya menemukan senyawa yang sama yaitu asam absisat (ABA). Peneliti tersebut yaitu Addicott et al dari California USA pada tahun 1967 pada tanaman kapas dan Rothwell serta Wain pada tahun 1964 pada tanaman lupin (Wattimena 1992).
Menurut Salisbury dan Ross (1995) zat pengatur tumbuhan yang diproduksi di dalam tanaman disebut juga hormon tanaman. Hormon tanaman yang dianggap sebagai hormon stress diproduksi dalam jumlah besar ketika tanaman mengalami berbagai keadaan rawan diantaranya yaitu ABA. Keadaan rawan tersebut antara lain kurang air, tanah bergaram, dan suhu dingin atau panas. ABA membantu tanaman mengatasi dari keadaan rawan tersebut.
ABA adalah seskuiterpenoid berkarbon 15, yang disintesis sebagian di kloroplas dan plastid melalui lintasan asam mevalonat (Salisbury dan Ross 1995). Reaksi awal sintesis ABA sama dengan reaksi sintesis isoprenoid seperti gibberelin sterol dan karotenoid. Menurut Crellman (1989) biosintesis ABA pada sebagian besar tumbuhan terjadi secara tak langsung melalui peruraian karotenoid tertentu (40 karbon) yang ada di plastid. ABA pergerakannya dalam tumbuhan sama dengan pergerakan gibberelin yaitu dapat diangkut secara mudah melalui xilem floem dan juga sel-sel parenkim di luar berkas pembuluh.
Hormon IAA (asam indol- 3 asetat)
Istilah auksin pertama kali digunakan oleh Frist Went seorang mahasiswa PascaSarjana di negeri Belanda pada tahun 1926 yang kini diketahui sebagai asam indol-3 asetat atau IAA (Salisbury dan Ross 1995). Senyawa ini terdapat cukup banyak di ujung koleoptil tanaman oat ke arah cahaya. Dua mekanisme sintesis IAA yaitu pelepasan gugus amino dan gugus karboksil akhir dari rantai triphtofan. Enzim yang paling aktif diperlukan untuk mengubah tripthofan menjadi IAA terdapat di jaringan muda seperti meristem tajuk, daun serta buah yang sedang tumbuh. Semua jaringan ini kandungan IAA paling tinggi karena disintesis di daerah tersebut.
IAA terdapat di akar pada konsentrasi yang hampir sama dengan di bagian tumbuhan lainnya (Salisbury dan Ross 1995). IAA dapat memacu pemanjangan akar pada konsentrasi yang sangat rendah. IAA adalah auksin endogen atau auksin yang terdapat dalam tanaman. IAA berperan dalam aspek pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman yaitu pembesaran sel yaitu koleoptil atau batang penghambatan mata tunas samping, pada konsentrasi tinggi menghambat pertumbuhan mata tunas untuk menjadi tunas absisi (pengguguran) daun aktivitas dari kambium dirangsang oleh IAA pertumbuhan akar pada konsentrasi tinggi dapat menghambat perbesaran sel-sel akar.
Penelitian IAA oleh Gregorio et al (1995) pada embrio, endosperma, dan integumen benih Sechium edule (labu Siam) pada umur 23, 27, 33, dan 37 hari setelah anthesis adalah sebagai berikut: 1) jumlah IAA pada embrio pada umur tersebut berturut-turut 1.67%, 2.08%, 3.40 % dan 3.29 %, 2) Jumlah IAA pada endosperma berturut-turut 20.45%, 25.72%, 30,40%, dan 52.22% dari total IAA, dan 3) Jumlah IAA pada integumen adalah 8.44%, 9.32%, 8.76% dan 8.04%, dan 4) Jumlah IAA total ( IAA terikat maupun IAA bebas) cenderung meningkat sejalan dengan meningkatnya kemasakan benih labu Siam.
(Wikipedia Indonesia)
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